Stop trusting traffic estimates blindly. Every SEO has a favorite traffic estimation tool, but most of us use them wrong. We grab a number, paste it into a deck, and treat it like ground truth. I've learned the hard way that these tools are compasses, not GPS. They're useful because they point you in the right direction, but they're built on modeled signals, not direct analytics access, so the number you see is always an inference, not a fact, as Ahrefs explains in its methodology overview and as independent testing shows across multiple tools (Ahrefs on traffic estimation methodology, Screaming Frog's accuracy test).
The practical mistake is comparing one tool's output to another tool's output and assuming the gap is the truth. That's not how I use them anymore. I use traffic estimation tools to size competitors, spot page-level trends, and triangulate direction, then I sanity-check the result against search console data where I can. For sites with weak observable footprints, the model can be close or wildly off depending on what signals the tool can see, which is why the same site can look “dead-on” in one estimator and badly misread in another (practitioner discussion on tool reliability).
The newest wrinkle is that traffic isn't just “organic” anymore. Some tools now surface AI-search visibility alongside classic traffic estimates, which matters because a page can gain or lose visibility inside AI answers without a matching change in traditional clicks (SE Ranking's traffic checker). That's why my workflow now separates the question “how much traffic?” from “which search surface is driving it?”
Spis treści
- 1. SemDash
- 2. Similarweb
- 3. Semrush Traffic and Market Toolkit
- 5. SE Ranking
- 5. SE Ranking
- 6. Serpstat
- 7. SISTRIX
- 8. SpyFu
- 9. Mangools SiteProfiler
- 10. Ubersuggest
- Top 10 Traffic Estimation Tools Comparison
- Final Thoughts
1. SemDash
SemDash is the tool I'd start with if the question is what competitors rank for, where their traffic comes from, and which pages deserve attention first. It does more than show a rough site-level estimate. It ties estimated monthly traffic to domain keywords, najlepsze strony, keyword gaps, a traffic share in one workspace, which makes the number much easier to use in real SEO work. The strongest traffic estimates are the ones you can test against page, query, and competitor data right away, and SemDash is built for that kind of workflow rather than for passive dashboard checks.
SemDash also puts a lot of weight on freshness. Its published scale, 6.6B Google keywords updated in the last 30 days, 2.7T backlinks, a 600 mln SERPów odświeżanych miesięcznie, points to a platform designed for broad competitive coverage and current SERP patterns (SemDash (SemDash)). That matters because traffic estimates degrade fast when the ranking data behind them is stale. I also like the mapowanie na poziomie adresu URL, since it shows which page is carrying a keyword instead of forcing you to infer it from a domain summary.
Why it stands out in real workflows
What stands out most is how quickly it moves from estimation to action. AI Overviews citation tracking shows which keywords trigger mentions and which URLs Google cites, while luki w linkach zwrotnych i wykrywanie niepołączonych wzmianek turn traffic research into link opportunities. For content teams, that cuts down the back-and-forth between “what is ranking?” and “what should we do next?”
A few parts make it especially practical for agencies and lean teams:
- Competitor reverse-engineering: Domain keywords, top pages, and traffic share sit in the same place, so I do not have to stitch reports together.
- Content planning help: AI-assisted briefs and intent classification connect to live SERPs, which helps when mapping pages to search intent.
- Fast discovery layer: Keyword clustering, People Also Ask, and People Also Search expansion widen a content plan without making the process harder to manage.
- Accessible support: The YouTube channel, SEO Academy, free live calls, and public roadmap reduce the learning curve for new users.
If you want a direct comparison of methodology, the contrast with clickstream-heavy platforms is worth a close look. I put together a Semrush vs Similarweb comparison at Semrush vs Similarweb: which traffic model fits your use case, because the right choice depends on whether you need SEO-first page-level analysis or a broader channel view. That distinction matters when you are comparing traffic estimates across tools, since each model can point you in a different direction.
Praktyczna zasada: Use SemDash when you need one workspace to go from traffic estimate to content or link action. It is strongest when you care about competitors, page mapping, and what to do next, not just a raw site total.
The trade-off is that pricing is not clearly published on the main product pages, so teams that need transparent rate cards will need extra time during evaluation. Even so, for SEO specialists, agencies, content teams, and SaaS growth teams, it is one of the most usable traffic estimation tools I've tested because it connects estimation to execution. If you are also comparing stack options, the broader list of Semrush alternatives for Shopify SEO can help frame where SemDash fits relative to the other tools.
2. Similarweb
Similarweb is the tool I reach for when the question isn't “how much organic search traffic does this domain get?” but “what does the whole acquisition mix look like?” That distinction matters. Similarweb models multi-channel traffic, which means it's built for benchmarking organic, direct, referral, social, and paid together instead of treating SEO as the whole story (Similarweb). For competitor research, partner vetting, and market sizing, that broader scope is often more valuable than a narrower organic estimate.
The strength is obvious when you're looking at a business with meaningful traffic outside search. The weakness is just as obvious when the site is small or hard to observe. Independent testing found Similarweb was the most accurate of three tools in a 25-site study, but it still overestimated total visits by 17% overall, and on the highest-traffic charity site it estimated 12.0 million visits versus 8.8 million actual, a +36% gap (Screaming Frog accuracy study). That's the kind of error that changes how you size a competitor, which is why I treat Similarweb as a directional market lens, not a reporting source of record.
Where it wins and where it misleads
The product is strongest when you need the full picture. Its Website Performance i Search Overview reports help you inspect visits over time, channel mix, top search terms, and top pages. The Web Intelligence i AI Search Intelligence modules also make it more relevant now that search visibility extends beyond traditional organic clicks. If you're building a prospecting list or studying a referral pattern, that's useful.
The catch is that its model depends on observable panels and inferred behavior. That makes it excellent for large, noisy markets and less dependable for niche sites, privacy-restricted audiences, or brands that get a lot of traffic from channels that don't show up cleanly in third-party data. I use it to answer “what channel mix is this business built on?” and “is their demand growing?”, not “what's the exact monthly visit count?”
Similarweb tells you what's happening across the business, not just in search. If I need the acquisition story, I start here. If I need page-level SEO diagnosis, I don't.
The built-in API is another reason it stays on this list. If your team wants to pipe competitor traffic signals into internal dashboards, Similarweb is one of the few tools in this category that's mature enough for that kind of workflow.
Backlink watch: If you're comparing Similarweb against other SEO platforms, I also like this internal breakdown on Semrush alternatives for Shopify SEO when I'm deciding where channel-level intelligence fits in a stack.
3. Semrush Traffic and Market Toolkit
Semrush stays in my toolkit because it splits the problem in a way many teams need. It gives you an SEO-modeled view of organic traffic and a separate Traffic Analytics view that leans on clickstream-style modeling for broader visits, which makes it easier to compare channels without pretending they're the same thing (Semrush powiedział:). That separation matters. Organic estimates tell you what rankings might be doing. Multi-channel estimates tell you how the whole site is being discovered.
The best use case is competitor diagnosis. I use Semrush when I want to compare traffic, market share, top pages, and geos in one place, then line that up with keyword visibility. The Market Landscape i Najpopularniejsze strony reports are especially helpful when I'm trying to understand whether a competitor is winning because of content depth, branded demand, or just a broad acquisition mix. For teams that live inside slides and quarterly reviews, Semrush tends to make the story easy to communicate.
Why I still use it, even with the noise
Semrush is also one of the clearest tools for separating modeling types. That's important because the broad error patterns in traffic estimation are real. In the independent 25-site test, Semrush underestimated total traffic by 30%, and on the highest-traffic charity site it estimated 6.4 million visits versus 8.8 million actual, a -37% miss (Screaming Frog accuracy study). I don't treat that as a reason to avoid the tool. I treat it as a reminder not to over-interpret single-site snapshots.
What works well:
- Traffic Analytics dashboards: Good for visits, sources, and geos.
- Free Website Traffic Checker: Handy for a fast directional read.
- Position Tracking: Useful when you want estimated traffic tied to a tracked keyword set.
- Market context: Helpful for seeing whether a site is winning in search, paid, or referral channels.
What doesn't:
- Module sprawl: The data stack grows fast as you add users and add-ons.
- Sales-led complexity: Some parts of the product are easier to buy than to understand.
- Single-number temptation: Teams often quote the estimate as fact, which is exactly how mistakes happen.
I like Semrush for broad benchmarking, but I trust it more when I'm comparing trends and channel shape than when I'm anchoring exact totals.
5. SE Ranking
SE Ranking is the value pick I'd hand to an agency or SMB team that wants traffic estimation without paying for a larger stack they won't fully use. Its Organic Traffic Research i Pages reports estimate domain and page traffic from keyword data, while its Visibility i Traffic Forecast metrics help connect estimates to tracked keywords instead of isolated snapshots (SE Ranking). That combination makes it practical for recurring reporting and client updates.
What I like most is that it treats traffic as part of a broader workflow. The tool does not just show an estimate, it gives you the context needed to explain why the estimate looks the way it does. That helps when you are working with clients who want to know whether a traffic dip is a ranking issue, a visibility issue, or just model noise. The Data and Project APIs also make it easier to pull domain analysis, backlinks, and AI-search data into a process rather than a one-off audit.
Good value, but don't ignore the credit model
The main trade-off is that some of the most useful parts sit behind a changing pricing structure, and API usage requires purchased credits. SE Ranking notes standalone API pricing of $200 per 1M credits for one option, which is the kind of detail that matters if you are planning automation or high-volume lookups (SE Ranking). For a small team, that can still be reasonable. For a larger operation, the credit model can make cost control part of the workflow, especially if practitioners managing multiple clients start pulling the same data repeatedly.
The reporting view is also where SE Ranking separates itself from pure traffic estimators. It gives you enough structure to compare pages, domains, and keyword sets without pretending the output is exact. That matters because traffic estimates are strongest when they support a discussion about direction, mix, and relative performance, not when they are treated as forensic totals.
The part I would watch closely is how quickly people turn the estimate into a headline number. SE Ranking is useful for surfacing patterns, but the value comes from pairing those patterns with the rest of the SEO record, Search Console for your own site, rankings, and page-level context. Used that way, it fits the practical question agencies and SMBs usually need answered, which pages are growing, which ones are slipping, and whether the change looks like search demand or ranking movement.
5. SE Ranking
SE Ranking is the value pick I'd hand to an agency or SMB team that wants traffic estimation without paying for a giant stack they'll barely use. Its Organic Traffic Research i Pages reports estimate domain and page traffic from keyword data, while its Visibility i Traffic Forecast metrics help you connect those estimates to tracked keywords instead of treating them as isolated snapshots (SE Ranking). That setup is practical for recurring reporting and client updates, especially when you need a read on direction rather than a false sense of precision.
What stands out is how little SE Ranking tries to oversell the number itself. The tool gives you enough context to explain why a traffic estimate looks the way it does, which is what matters when a client asks whether a dip came from rankings, visibility, or model noise. The Data and Project APIs also make it easier to bring domain analysis, backlinks, and AI-search data into a repeatable workflow instead of a one-off audit.
Good value, but don't ignore the credit model
The trade-off is straightforward, some of the most useful parts sit behind a changing pricing structure, and API usage requires purchased credits. SE Ranking notes standalone API pricing of $200 per 1M credits for one option, which is the kind of detail that matters if you're planning automation or high-volume lookups (SE Ranking). For a small team, that can still be workable. For a bigger operation, you need to watch consumption closely, because repeated pulls across multiple clients can change the cost picture fast.
I've found SE Ranking works best when a team wants enough depth to be credible without taking on the operational weight of an enterprise suite. It is not the tool I'd use for the deepest competitive reverse-engineering. It is the one I'd use when I need a balanced traffic read and the surrounding SEO context to explain it, especially if rank tracking and backlink data need to sit in the same workflow.
The practical test is whether the estimate helps you make a better call. SE Ranking usually does, as long as you treat it as directional evidence and cross-check it against rankings, page-level context, and your own analytics. That is the point where the model becomes useful, not because the number is perfect, but because it fits into a broader read of what is changing and why.
6. Serpstat
Serpstat is a solid choice when you want a straightforward competitive research suite that doesn't pretend traffic estimates are exact. Its Site Analysis Overview daje ci Estimated Traffic i Visibility, podczas gdy Market Research i Najpopularniejsze strony help you see which sites and pages are leading in a niche (Serpstat). That makes it useful for gap analysis and content prioritization, especially if you're trying to decide where a new page has a realistic shot.
What I appreciate most is the tool's tone. It's less flashy than some rivals, and more willing to admit that modeled traffic is directional rather than exact. That makes it easier to use correctly. I've seen teams waste a lot of time debating a traffic estimate that was never meant to be literal, when the better question was whether the competing page set is strengthening or weakening over time.
Best fit for practical competitive planning
Serpstat's structure is helpful for smaller teams because it combines traffic estimation with rank tracking and market-level reporting without forcing you into a massive enterprise workflow. The Top-100 rank tracking is especially useful when you're watching how visibility shifts among a set of competitors. If you're mapping content gaps, the market research view gives you a faster first pass than building everything from scratch.
The limitations are clear. It's SEO-only, so it won't tell you much about direct, referral, or paid totals. And because the estimates are modeled, they can diverge from analytics the same way any third-party estimate can. Still, that's not a reason to dismiss it. It's a reason to use it for what it's good at, which is directional opportunity finding.
Gdzie najlepiej się sprawdza
- Competitive research for smaller teams
- Content gap prioritization
- Visibility trend monitoring
- Teams that want estimated traffic without overbuying modules
If you already have another source for broader market intelligence, Serpstat can be the practical layer that turns that intelligence into specific SEO plays.
7. SISTRIX
SISTRIX is a strong option when the question is less “what is this site's exact traffic?” and more “how has visibility moved over time?” Its Wskaźnika Widoczności gives you a longitudinal view that works well for tracking winners, losers, and structural shifts across a SERP set (SISTRIX). For me, that makes it more useful for reading trendlines than for arguing over a single snapshot.
Its traffic estimation model is tied to rankings, CTR, and SERP-feature context, so the output reflects how a site performs inside real search results, not just a raw domain total. That matters when I want explanation instead of a headline number. If visibility drops but key pages still rank, I look at intent shifts, SERP features, and page alignment before I assume the site has lost traffic.
Strong for history, not for channel totals
SISTRIX is strongest when the job is historical benchmarking. It gives a cleaner way to compare changes over time than tools that mainly emphasize the current view, and that context helps separate a real trend from a short-lived swing. It is also useful for forecasting, because the history makes it easier to judge whether a movement is part of a broader pattern.
The trade-off is straightforward. It focuses on SEO traffic, so it does not model a full multi-channel picture. That makes it a weaker choice for media mix analysis or channel share reporting. It also sits in a higher price band than some SMB-friendly tools, so I would only recommend it if visibility history is part of the workflow, not an occasional nice-to-have.
SISTRIX is a specialist's tool. If you need a clean history of visibility, it is excellent. If you need a broad acquisition model, it is not the right hammer.
For EU-heavy teams and analysts who care about methodology transparency, it fits well. For broader traffic estimation, I would pair it with a tool that handles channel mix better.
8. SpyFu
SpyFu is the tool I reach for when I want SEO context and PPC context in one read. Its Przegląd domeny shows estimated monthly SEO clicks, and its paid search estimates help me evaluate organic and paid activity together instead of treating them as separate channels (SpyFu). That matters when I am trying to understand how aggressively a competitor is competing in a market, not just how much search traffic they appear to get.
The value here is speed and clarity. I do not open SpyFu for forensic work, and I do not expect page-level precision from it. I use it for a quick read on a domain, its top pages, and whether the business is putting real budget behind paid search as part of the mix. For sales prospecting and early competitive scans, that combined SEO and PPC view is often enough to decide whether a site deserves a deeper look.
Directional by design
SpyFu is also easier to explain to non-SEO stakeholders than some of the denser suites. The presentation makes it clear you are looking at modeled estimates, not direct logs, so fewer people walk away assuming the number is exact. That helps prevent the classic mistake of treating a traffic estimate like a reporting source instead of a directional input.
The trade-off shows up fast. The estimates are directional, and the tool gets less dependable in smaller niches or on sites with limited data. That is not a unique problem, but it matters more here because SpyFu is built around quick snapshots. If I need a deeper page-level plan, I move to a more granular platform. If I need a fast competitive read with paid context, SpyFu does the job well.
A few uses where it still earns a place in my stack:
- Quick competitive snapshots
- SEO and PPC side-by-side thinking
- Top page checks before outreach
- Unlimited paid-plan search access when speed matters
SpyFu is not the most granular estimator on this list, but it is one of the fastest ways to understand how a competitor is behaving across organic and paid search.
9. Mangools SiteProfiler
Mangools' SiteProfiler is the kind of tool I reach for when I need a clean estimate without a steep learning curve. It gives you an Estimated visits snapshot alongside authority, top content, and audience data, which is enough to do a quick competitive read and decide whether a domain deserves a deeper pass (Mangools). For solopreneurs and SMB teams, that usually covers the first question that matters, whether the site has real organic traction or just looks busy on the surface.
The main advantage is speed. SiteProfiler gets to a usable domain snapshot quickly, and the rest of the Mangools suite makes it easy to move from a first check into rank tracking and SERP analysis if the site looks relevant. I use tools like this for link prospecting, fast vetting, and early-stage competitive research because the job at that stage is not precision, it is sorting signal from noise. A heavyweight platform is only worth it once the opportunity is real.
Simple, fast, and intentionally limited
That simplicity comes with a real trade-off. The estimates are less granular than what you get from larger suites, and the exports and API limits are tighter than the enterprise tools. If you know that going in, it is a fair exchange. You get lower friction and easier adoption, but you give up some depth and flexibility.
SiteProfiler fits best in a workflow where the first pass needs to be fast and repeatable:
- Fast domain snapshots
- Basic traffic direction checks
- Authority and top content review
- Affordable analysis for smaller teams
If a site is important enough to shape your roadmap, I still validate it with a second source before making a call. When I am sorting a batch of prospects into promising and not promising, SiteProfiler is usually enough to keep the process moving.
Mangools earns its place because it does not force complexity into the first step. That matters more than people expect, especially when the work is deciding what deserves closer inspection.
10. Ubersuggest
Ubersuggest is the easiest entry point on this list, and that's exactly why people keep using it. It gives you modeled organic traffic, top pages by estimated traffic, and keyword ideas in a way that feels approachable instead of intimidating (Ubersuggest). If you're new to traffic estimation or you just want a quick directional scan, it lowers the barrier to starting.
I think of Ubersuggest as a “quick look” tool. It's useful when I want to confirm whether a domain has meaningful SEO presence, generate content ideas, or inspect a few pages without digging through a more complex suite. The Chrome extension is also handy for seeing traffic estimates directly on the SERP, which speeds up competitor spot checks when I'm moving fast.
Where it helps and where it stops
The upside is straightforward. The reports are simple, the learning curve is light, and the monthly or lifetime plan framing makes it easier for smaller teams to get started. That makes it appealing for bloggers, freelancers, and small businesses that don't need a full competitive intelligence stack.
The downside is also clear. The estimates and usage limits are more basic than higher-end suites, and regional pricing can vary. The simplicity can make people over-trust a number they haven't validated. I've seen that happen most often when teams use Ubersuggest as a final authority instead of a screening tool.
Use it for:
- Quick competitive and keyword scans
- Content ideation
- First-pass traffic checks
- Simple SERP-level visibility
If you need a fast answer and you're okay with directional data, Ubersuggest gets you there. If you need layered competitive diagnosis, you'll want something deeper.
Top 10 Traffic Estimation Tools Comparison
| Narzędzie | Kluczowe funkcje | Unique strengths ✨ | Quality / UX ★ | Grupa docelowa 👥 | Price / Value 💰 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SemDash (SemDash) 🏆 | Keywords (6.6B), Backlinks (2.7T), 12‑mo SERP history, URL‑level mapping, AI briefs | ✨ URL‑level mapping; AI Overviews (citation tracking); backlink‑gap & unlinked‑mention recovery | ★★★★☆ fast, simple UI | 👥 SEO specialists, agencies, SMBs, SaaS growth | 💰 Budget‑friendly; free tier/demos; optional PR add‑on |
| Similarweb | Multi‑channel traffic modeling, visits by channel/geo, API | ✨ Best for total traffic benchmarking & robust API | ★★★★☆ enterprise focus | 👥 Market analysts, enterprises, sales/research teams | 💰 Premium; limited free access |
| Semrush (Traffic & Market) | Organic & clickstream traffic models, Market Landscape, Top Pages, Position Tracking | ✨ Two complementary traffic models (SEO vs total) | ★★★★☆ comprehensive (modules add cost) | 👥 Agencies, enterprises, in‑house marketers | 💰 Mid→High; add‑ons raise cost |
| Ahrefs powiedział: | Site Explorer (organic traffic/value), Batch Analysis, export/API (higher plans) | ✨ Transparent organic‑click modeling; strong page‑level detail | ★★★★☆ reliable for organic estimates | 👥 Content teams, SEOs focused on organic ROI | 💰 Mid→High; higher for API/export |
| SE Ranking | Organic Traffic Research, Pages, Visibility & Forecasts, API | ✨ Good cost‑to‑coverage; practical API & credits | ★★★☆☆ value‑oriented | 👥 Agencies, SMBs | 💰 Value‑friendly; API credit model |
| Serpstat | Site Analysis, Market Research, Top Pages, rank tracking | ✨ Competitive pricing with high annual usage limits | ★★★☆☆ directional estimates | 👥 SMBs, budget‑conscious agencies | 💰 Budget‑friendly (annual plans) |
| SISTRIX | Visibility Index, rankings/CTR traffic estimates, historical benchmarking | ✨ Strong historical data & methodology transparency | ★★★★☆ trusted for longitudinal analysis | 👥 EU SEO teams, analysts | 💰 Premium; higher professional tiers |
| SpyFu | Domain overview (organic clicks), Top Pages, PPC spend/click estimates | ✨ Combined SEO + PPC competitor insights | ★★★☆☆ fast competitor snapshots | 👥 SMBs, PPC+SEO competitors, agencies | 💰 Affordable; unlimited search on paid plans |
| Mangools (SiteProfiler) | SiteProfiler estimated visits, authority, top pages, SERPWatcher | ✨ Lightweight, easy domain snapshots for SMBs/solos | ★★★☆☆ very user‑friendly | 👥 Solo SEOs, SMBs | 💰 Budget plans; free account option |
| Ubersuggest | Modeled organic traffic, top pages, keyword ideas, Chrome extension | ✨ Beginner‑friendly with on‑SERP traffic extension | ★★☆☆☆ basic/directional estimates | 👥 Beginners, solo site owners | 💰 Low‑cost / basic plans |
Final Thoughts
Wrapping up traffic estimation tools, the biggest lesson from my testing is that no single platform deserves blind trust. The tools are built on different models, different data sources, and different assumptions about how clicks happen. Ahrefs leans on keyword rankings and CTR modeling. Similarweb leans into clickstream-style total traffic modeling. Semrush sits between those worlds with separate organic and broader traffic views. The rest of the stack gives you different levels of depth, speed, and usability, but they all share the same core limitation, they infer visits from observable signals rather than reading a site's own analytics directly (Ahrefs methodology, Similarweb, Semrush powiedział:).
That's why the best workflow is triangulation, not faith. I start with one estimator, usually the one that best matches the question I'm asking, then I sanity-check the pattern against a second tool if the decision matters. For my own sites, I go back to search console or analytics data because that's the only ground truth that belongs to me. For competitors, I care more about direction, page concentration, and channel mix than a perfect monthly total.
The accuracy evidence backs that up. In one independent study, Similarweb overestimated total visits by 17% overall, Ahrefs underestimated by 17%, and Semrush underestimated by 30%, with even larger single-site errors on the highest-traffic charity site measured in the test (Screaming Frog accuracy study). Those gaps are big enough to change decisions if you're too literal. They're also small enough, in the right workflow, to make the tools highly useful. The value is in comparison, trend, and prioritization, not in treating the estimate like a server log.
I also think the category is changing. The market is moving toward multi-signal modeling and broader visibility layers, which makes sense because traffic analysis is no longer just about classic organic clicks. Some tools are starting to surface AI-search visibility alongside traditional estimates, and that shift tells me the job is expanding, not shrinking (SE Ranking AI search visibility, traffic-demand forecasting market trend). If you're still reading one traffic number in isolation, you're missing the channel story.
The practical answer is simple. Use traffic estimation tools to size markets, map competitors, and find content and link opportunities. Use your own analytics to verify reality. And when the estimate matters, compare more than one tool before you bet strategy on it.
If you want a platform that ties traffic estimation to keyword gaps, page-level mapping, backlink opportunities, and AI Overview visibility in one place, SemDash (SemDash) is built for that workflow. It's the tool I'd use when I want competitive traffic research to lead directly into content planning and link reclamation. Visit SemDash (SemDash) and see how it handles the same estimation problems this article covers.
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